NASA's Aurora-watching Rocket marketing campaign Blasts Off

NASA is known for its awe-inspiring missions to discover the a ways reaches of the cosmos, but this month, the space organization is getting ready for very distinct types of rocket launches: ones to explore the mysteries of Earth's auroras.

Over 3 missions and five launches, NASA will launch rockets into the Earth's higher surroundings to help scientists higher understand the planet's magnetic environment. From auroras to solar winds, the rockets will have a look at what's known as close to-Earth space, NASA researchers stated. The missions will not simplest reveal more approximately humanity's domestic planet, however can also help researchers expand their knowledge of the low-Earth orbit environment wherein astronauts and spacecraft ought to travel, NASA said.

The primary mission will focus on nitric oxide, NASA said. The release window of this Polar night time Nitric Oxide or Polarnox undertaking extends from Jan. 19 to Jan. 31. The rockets from this release will look at Earth's environment inside the polar area, measuring the nitric oxide that forms all through displays of the northern lighting fixtures.
"The aurora creates nitric oxide, but inside the polar night, there's no extensive manner for destroying the nitric oxide," Scott Bailey, the assignment's predominant investigator and an electrical and laptop engineering professor at Virginia Tech, stated in a assertion. "We consider it builds up to large concentrations. The purpose of our rocket is to degree the abundance and altitude of top abundance for the nitric oxide."

This undertaking will absolutely avoid aurora hobby, as the rocket's number one device is an ultraviolet spectrograph pointed at a star on the horizon, Bailey said. Nitric oxide reduces starlight, and therefore the light measurements are used to build a profile of the nitric oxide ranges, he stated.

The rest of the missions will target auroras, with a focal point on analyzing the interactions among the sun wind, the magnetosphere, Earth's top atmosphere and the ensuing aurora.

Auroras arise while the energy from sun wind, saved within the magnetosphere, is released, NASA scientists said. The charged debris of sun wind fee the top atmosphere's gases. as the gases launch this gained strength, they also emit photons (mild particles) of particular wavelengths, creating the one-of-a-kind hues seen in auroras.

For the undertaking's 2nd mission, dubbed "neutral Jets in Auroral Arcs,"  rockets will launch nearly simultaneously at different altitudes to measure the aurora's profile. The experiment will look into how the ionosphere's electrical fields pressure the aurora's structure, said Rob Pfaff, primary investigator for the undertaking and a scientist at NASA's Goddard space Flight middle in Greenbelt, Maryland.

The final mission can even require two rockets, launching into two specific forms of auroras.

"The visible mild produced within the ecosystem as aurora is the last step of a chain of processes connecting the sun wind to the atmosphere," stated Kristina Lynch, main investigator of this undertaking and an experimental physicist at Dartmouth university in New Hampshire. "we're in search of to apprehend what shape in those seen signatures can inform us approximately the electrodynamics of approaches better up."

The release window for the second one and third missions extends from Feb. 13 to March three, with rockets for all 3 missions launching from the Poker Flat research variety in Alaska.

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Early Meteorite Bits monitor Clues about solar system's Evolution

Many meteorites determined on the planet are remnants of one giant solar-machine collision that came about extra than 460 million years ago. but for the first time, researchers have mainly centered meteorites that fell to Earth simply earlier than that asteroid collision and found that the composition of these earlier space rocks is quite extraordinary than those today.

with the aid of sifting thru the minuscule remnants of these historical solar-system crashes, known as micrometeorites, the researchers found that the maximum commonplace kinds of meteorites nowadays was quite rare — and the rarest ones was once not unusual. know-how the makeup of asteroids offers perception into the records of solar-gadget collisions and the evolution of the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, scientists say.

"We spend plenty of time reading the particles from the huge asteroid destruction event 466 million years ago, but currently, we went a touch bit in addition lower back in time," stated Philipp Heck, a researcher at the sphere Museum in Chicago and lead creator of the new research paper. "We discovered it very exclusive from what comes down nowadays — that was our huge surprise," Heck advised space.com.

Meteorites come from flying debris after a collision of two bodies inside the solar gadget, and their make-up reflects the asteroid, comet, moon or planet that suffered via the crash. The rarest meteorites observed on the planet today come from differentiated or in part differentiated our bodies — huge clusters of dirt and debris that were given hot enough to shape (or partially form) a middle, mantle and crust, as on this planet, Mars or the asteroid Vesta. it is tons more commonplace for meteorites today to come back from undifferentiated our bodies, which remained mixtures of rock, dust and metallic.

but in step with the new research, that sort of meteorite, known as an normal chondrite, used to be an awful lot much less commonplace than ones from differentiated bodies have been. by keeping off the most latest meteorites, researchers can get a glimpse of extra collisions in the sun system's past.

"This isn't always an event, what we are searching at — this is essentially the heritage," Heck said. "you can say those are tails of various occasions; the effects of different [collision] events within the solar system, in the asteroid belt, that generated fragments … and those fragments arrived to Earth."

some activities and asteroid populations appear to dominate that historical past, he added: 34 percentage of the micrometeorites got here from in part differentiated our bodies, which had partially melted and started to split out, while simplest zero.45 percentage of meteorites today are that type. This indicates that many extra of those our bodies were experiencing collisions in the past, Heck stated. The researchers also found micrometeorites that originated from a collision at Vesta, the brightest asteroid seen from Earth, billions of years in the past, as well as meteorites that the researchers assume came from the formation of the flowers asteroid own family, also about 1000000000 years in the past. each live in the asteroid belt.

substantially, there have been only a few normal chondrites — maximum were generated later, by using the 466-million-year-old collision or by using an excellent later event, which generated any other form of normal chondrite, Heck said.

"the use of relict minerals within the rock record to decide the preceding asteroid flux is enormously resourceful," Tasha Dunn, a planetary geologist at Colby university who changed into no longer concerned inside the research, advised space.com by way of email. "i used to be pretty surprised by using the consequences."

Dunn stated that the proportions of meteorite sorts that rain down these days do not match the populations of asteroids determined in the belt — a disparity that has at a loss for words meteorite researchers. "trying to understand why the share of asteroids within the asteroid belt doesn't healthy what we see in the meteorite collection has been considered one of the biggest questions in meteorics for a while," she said.

Dunn stated she became mainly interested in seeing the massive percentage of meteorites from the flowers circle of relatives back then, because researchers have wondered why there weren't a lot of them coming down in spite of the Floras' properly position. maybe, she stated, an awful lot of the cloth turned into expelled throughout the preliminary breakup of the own family.

"Needle in a haystack"

Understandably, meteorites that fell greater than 466 million years in the past are difficult to find. Heck's Russian and Swedish colleagues grew to become to micrometeorites much less than 2 millimeters (zero.08 inches) throughout. through sifting through samples of rock from a river valley in Russia that used to be seafloor, they managed to separate some. They selected a vicinity that might have had a slow buildup of sediment, leading to a greater share of the preferred micrometeorites.

The researchers took advantage of a fortunate fact: chromites and chrome spinels, the key grains important to determine the age and make-up of a micrometeorite, are proof against acid. to be able to discover the meteorite compounds, they dealt with the fabric with hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acid to eat away the Earthly sediments, leaving the meteorite markers in the back of.

"The method is basically a needle-in-a-haystack problem, and we use the crude method of burning down the haystack to locate the needle," Heck stated.

Heck's group analyzed samples courting back from the goal era, zeroing in on the chromites and chrome spinels whose make-up can assist scientists classify the sort of object they got here from.

"Even almost 500 million years inside the sediment did not trade them," Heck stated. "They nevertheless preserve the authentic composition, which makes it a without a doubt, certainly good and strong mineral to study meteorites that arrived within the beyond."

they also measured the oxygen isotopes — that is, oxygen with one of a kind numbers of neutrons — whose proportions likely constitute how far from the solar the frame shaped, Heck stated.

Going ahead, Heck said, researchers should look at different time windows to attempt to apprehend those earlier solar device collisions, like the one which blasted fragments off of Vesta.

"we are able to try this for the exclusive types of fragments from distinct discern our bodies, parent asteroids, and get a better photo of what collisions came about and what had been the effects on planets within the inner sun gadget," he said. One may also music meteorite fragments on places just like the moon and Mars for a extra complete view. All effects may be equipped into models of the events, growing their accuracy and our knowledge of the sun system's evolution — and, probably, those large crashes' effect on the earth's lifestyles and climate.

"it is truly a multidisciplinary collaboration with exclusive fields — geology, cosmochemistry, planetary technology, chemistry — all operating together to try and address that trouble," Heck stated.

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'Twilight' celebrity Kristen Stewart Co-Authors artificial-Intelligence Paper

Actor Kristen Stewart, regarded for her portrayal of Bella inside the "Twilight" movie franchise and director of "Come Swim" on the Sundance movie competition, now has some other line on her résumé: co-creator of a laptop technology paper.

The paper, posted on-line inside the preprint journal ArXiv, is referred to as "Bringing Impressionism to life with Neural fashion transfer in Come Swim." The authors describe a hard and fast of programming shortcuts that could make movie photographs appearance as though they were painted or drawn in a positive style, which includes impressionism or pointillism.

The process relies on machine getting to know, a type of synthetic intelligence, and gave positive pictures in the movie quick, which makes use of allusive photos to observe a person thru his day, the appearance of an impressionistic portray. The shot described within the paper is set 15 seconds long, and the painting is through Stewart herself. [5 Intriguing Uses for Artificial Intelligence (That Aren't Killer Robots)]
Stewart is the second writer on the paper, with Bhautik Joshi, a research engineer at Adobe systems, as the lead creator, and David Shapiro, a producer at Starlight Studios, because the 1/3 writer.

Neural style switch

The technique defined inside the paper, referred to as neural fashion switch, differs from Instagram or Snapchat filters. "What cutting-edge filters do is, they work with the statistics in the photo," Joshi informed stay technological know-how. "A international operation like Instagram is only a shade research." To create outcomes, Snapchat and Instagram use filters that are primarily based on rules created by way of a individual; "if you come upon this situation, try this to the photograph," he stated.
as an example, in Snapchat, the software is "trained" to apprehend eyes in a image, so if you want to make a person's eyes appear to be a cool animated film individual's, it may do that (or, in one clear out, switch the eyes between two faces).

In contrast, style transfer, in this context, works by means of taking an image and breaking it down into blocks to identify its components after which comparing it to a reference image. So, for instance, maybe you have a replica of Van Gogh's "Starry night time" and want to make every other photograph appearance as although it have been painted within the identical style. The software program could look for corresponding functions in the image that you want to regulate, the use of a technique based totally on so-known as neural networks. from time to time, the outcomes can be unpredictable, because not like with the Snapchat filters, the laptop is learning as it goes thru the pictures, Joshi stated. [Gallery: Hidden Gems in Renaissance Art]

Neural networks are packages that paintings more like a human brain, mastering and reinforcing positive behaviors with the aid of repeating an operation oftentimes under barely special situations. (So, as an instance, a neural community may learn how to identify a tree by looking at plenty of pictures of bushes, and then be requested to identify one to see if it had discovered successfully.) The principle has been around for the reason that 1940s, but it wasn't until approximately twenty years in the past that computer systems became effective sufficient to make use of it, in line with Joshi.

The downside with fashion switch, although, is that it is computationally in depth, Joshi said. even with effective machines, it could take numerous time to get a end result that the artist (in this case, the film director) desires.

Making 'Come Swim'

because Stewart knew about what appearance she wanted in "Come Swim," Joshi advised the software program to disregard several pathways it may have taken to be able to restrict the computing to 3 options within the patterns it can switch.

"The set of rules is basically a black container," Joshi stated. "Randomly sampling some of these appears — that might get us nowhere. So we desired to method it in a based manner. We said, 'what is a reasonable range for this?' till we converged on the look, and made our iterations extra predictable."

for instance, Joshi kept the "style transfer ratio" fixed, that means the size of the block within the reference picture that became transferred to the goal photo remained steady.

"the dimensions of the block transferred can be adjusted," Joshi stated. "You essentially start with something — gift [the] director with a start line, and also you iterate to get the imagery to a point to get the emotional response you want." sooner or later, the pc generated an picture Stewart turned into satisfied with — one in all a man mendacity on his back within the water.

even though Joshi done all the computational paintings, Stewart made it show up, approaching the paintings as a film director and visible artist, Joshi stated. And despite the fact that their changed technique isn't a fundamental breakthrough, it is a way to ensure varieties of paintings easier. New equipment can be complex to use, and occasionally, the picks may be overwhelming, Joshi stated.

"The purpose turned into to present other parents this new shape of innovative expression," he stated. "right here's a couple of steps to take to make it less daunting."

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Tiny, Underwater Robots provide remarkable View of global's Oceans

Even though space is often referred to as the "very last frontier," the oceans of our home planet continue to be a great deal of a thriller. Satellites have performed a massive function in that divide, as they discover the universe and send facts lower back to scientists on the earth. but now, researchers have developed a type of satellite tv for pc for the oceans — autonomous miniature robots that can paintings as a swarm to discover oceans in a new way.

for his or her preliminary deployments, the Mini-independent Underwater Explorers (M-AUEs) had been capable of file the 3-D moves of the ocean's internal waves — a feat that traditional devices can not obtain. observe lead author Jules Jaffe, a research oceanographer at the Scripps institution of Oceanography, stated present day ocean measurements are akin to sticking a finger in a specific area of the water.

"we will flow the finger around, however we are in no way in two places at the equal time; so we essentially haven't any form of three-dimensional know-how of the ocean," Jaffe told live science. "by means of constructing this swarm of robots, we have been in sixteen locations on the identical time."

each underwater robot is set the dimensions and weight of a huge grapefruit, Jaffe stated. The bots are cylindrical and feature an antenna on one quit and dimension instrumentation on the opposite.

The swarm's first project became to investigate how the sea's inner waves moved. certainly one of Jaffe's colleagues theorized that factors of plankton's ecology is because of ocean currents pushing plankton collectively and pulling it returned apart. however, scientists did now not have the three-dimensional instrumentation competencies a good way to confirm the ones theories. Over the course of some afternoons, Jaffe and his crew deployed the M-AUEs in hopes of proving (or disproving) the principle.

"We should see this swarm of robots be driven by currents, getting pushed collectively after which get driven apart," Jaffe stated. "it's almost like a breathing motion, but it occurred over numerous hours."

The concept became based totally on ocean physics, water density and inner wave dynamics, but the scientists had by no means seen the actual-time motion of ocean water in 3D, Jaffe stated.

And although their preliminary deployments had been targeted on the 3-D mapping of inner wave dynamics, Jaffe said there are many different packages for the robot swarms.

as an example, with barely distinctive instrumentation, the robots can be deployed in an oil spill to assist tune the damaging toxins released. With underwater microphones, the swarm could also act as a giant ear, taking note of whales and dolphins.

"we're now not yet churning them out like a manufacturing facility, however we think we will answer a whole lot of questions about worldwide ocean dynamics with what we've," Jaffe stated of the couple of dozen robots the scientists have now. "And we're making plans on a subsequent era, which optimistically would have extra functionality and could maybe be even less costly."

information of the robot swarm have been posted on-line these days (Jan. 24) inside the journal Nature Communications.

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Astronomers to look for Alien existence at close by 'habitable' Exoplanet

As we continue the search for live able worlds past our sun machine, we are locating increasingly more applicants in the direction of domestic. there's even a small rocky exoplanet within the so-referred to as "habitable quarter" at Proxima Centauri, the dinky red dwarf celebrity right next door. but there's extra, and astronomers are beginning to pick out which of those abnormal new worlds we should soon get a good look at with the following technology of superior telescopes in the world and in space.

One tantalizing doubtlessly live able exoplanet orbits the superstar Wolf 1061, simplest 14 mild-years away — a distance this is almost on our galactic doorstep. known to host 3 exoplanets, the Wolf 1061 device is exciting as it may be a goal for NASA's James Webb space Telescope (JWST) that is scheduled to launch in 2018. Sitting at the sun-Earth L2 factor — an island of gravitational calm almost a million miles away in Earth's shadow — the infrared JWST could be used to locate atmospheric additives in worlds that might, hypothetically, aid lifestyles. different exoplanet-hunting projects are being launched, including the Transiting Exoplanet Survey satellite tv for pc (TESS), the Characterising ExoPlanet satellite tv for pc (CHEOPS), and the Planetary Transits and Oscillations of stars (PLATO) project, so as to greatly advantage from this advanced studies to symbolize the habitable capacity of remote worlds.

Nestled in the habitable zones of stars, exoplanets (like the one in Wolf 1061) are idea to be neither too hot or too bloodless for liquid water to persist on their surfaces. on earth, wherein there is liquid water, there's life, and if there is water on those worlds, there may be lifestyles there too. it is the simple common sense, but there are numerous different factors at play that decide whether or not a planet can certainly assist lifestyles. So if we will nicely represent exoplanetary atmospheres, we would, some day, be capable of detect the chemical substances that may display records about any "biomarkers" that may be gift — chemicals that screen the presence of biological procedures. As Wolf 1061 hosts a small rocky exoplanet (referred to as Wolf 1061c) inside its liveable region, it's far one of the closest exoplanetary locations where we could uncover this organic proof.

"The Wolf 1061 gadget is important because it's so close and that offers different possibilities to do observe-up studies to peer if it does certainly have lifestyles," stated Stephen Kane, an astronomer at San Francisco country university and lead creator of latest studies to be published in the Astrophysical magazine.

working with researchers at Tennessee country college and in Geneva, Switzerland, Kane's crew took specific measurements of the Wolf 1061 device to calculate the quantity of its habitable quarter, stellar pastime and planetary orbits. interestingly, Wolf 1061c has a chaotic orbit that is closely influenced with the aid of the gravity of the other planets inside the gadget, inflicting it to lurch on occasion in the direction of the big name and at different times further away. It also occupies the inner fringe of the celebrity's liveable quarter, which poses a dilemma for its genuine liveable capacity.

Venus, for instance, lies within the internal edge of the sun's liveable region, yet Venus is some thing however "habitable" — regardless of being about Earth-sized. The poisonous and thick Venusian ecosystem is the effect of a runaway greenhouse impact where too much energy has been trapped via the surroundings, causing it to warmth up to lead-boiling temperatures. even though it can have as soon as been a more temperate international, any water that once existed on its surface has been damaged down into its aspect hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The handiest regions of Venus which are remotely "Earth-like" are excessive up in Venus' surroundings — leading to speculative thoughts that floating lifeforms may be gift, or that humans may additionally at some point inhabit Venus in "cloud cities" that waft excessive above the crushing decrease atmospheric pressures.

Now that we have found Wolf 1061c, possibly it is also an "exo-Venus", although the range in its orbit can also create bursts of worldwide cooling observed by way of severe warming. "it may motive the frequency of the planet freezing over or heating as much as be quite excessive," said Kane in a declaration.

just like the widespread majority of worlds located within stars' liveable zones, Wolf 1061c's Earth-like characteristics can be restricted to its length and approximate orbital distance from its star — but that does not imply it can not host extraterrestrial life, it simply way it will possibly be very distinctive lifestyles to what we are accustomed to in the world.

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Constructing a Google for the Deep, darkish internet

Google for the Deep

In contemporary information-rich international, groups, governments and people want to investigate something and the whole thing they are able to get their palms on – and the sector huge web has masses of records. At gift, the maximum without problems listed material from the net is text. however as much as 89 to 96 percent of the content material at the net is clearly something else – snap shots, video, audio, in all hundreds of different forms of nontextual records kinds.

further, the considerable majority of online content material isn't always to be had in a shape it truly is without difficulty listed through digital archiving systems like Google's. as a substitute, it requires a person to log in, or it is provided dynamically via a application running whilst a person visits the page. If we're going to catalog on-line human know-how, we need to make certain we will get to and understand it all, and that we are able to do so robotically.
How are we able to train computers to understand, index and search all of the different types of material this is to be had online? way to federal efforts within the worldwide combat against human trafficking and weapons dealing, my research forms the premise for a brand new tool which can help with this effort.

knowledge what is deep

The "deep net" and the "dark internet" are frequently mentioned within the context of frightening news or movies like "Deep web," in which younger and sensible criminals are becoming away with illicit sports which include drug dealing and human trafficking – or even worse. but what do these terms mean?

The "deep web" has existed ever in view that agencies and corporations, which includes universities, put big databases on line in ways people could not at once view. in preference to permitting every person to get students' phone numbers and e mail addresses, as an example, many universities require people to log in as members of the campus community earlier than searching on-line directories for touch statistics. on line offerings inclusive of Dropbox and Gmail are publicly on hand and a part of the sector extensive internet – however indexing a user's documents and emails on these sites does require an character login, which our undertaking does not get involved with.

The "surface net" is the net international we will see – buying sites, agencies' information pages, information agencies and so forth. The "deep internet" is carefully related, however much less seen, to human users and – in some ways extra importantly – to search engines like google and yahoo exploring the web to catalog it. I tend to describe the "deep net" as those parts of the public net that:

1.Require a consumer to first fill out a login shape,
2.involve dynamic content material like AJAX or Javascript, or
3.present pix, video and different records in approaches that aren't normally listed nicely by means of search services.

What is dark?

The "darkish web," by evaluation, are pages – a number of which may additionally have "deep web" elements – which are hosted by means of net servers the usage of the anonymous net protocol called Tor. at first advanced by using U.S. protection branch researchers to comfy touchy facts, Tor become released into the public domain in 2004.

Like many comfy structures which include the WhatsApp messaging app, its authentic purpose turned into for excellent, however has also been used by criminals hiding behind the machine's anonymity. some human beings run Tor web sites handling illicit activity, which include drug trafficking, guns and human trafficking and even murder for lease.

The U.S. government has been inquisitive about looking for ways to use cutting-edge statistics generation and computer technology to fight these criminal activities. In 2014, the protection superior research initiatives business enterprise (more generally referred to as DARPA), a part of the defense department, launched a application referred to as Memex to combat human trafficking with these tools.

specifically, Memex desired to create a seek index that might assist regulation enforcement pick out human trafficking operations online – mainly by way of mining the deep and dark web. one of the key structures utilized by the task's teams of scholars, authorities workers and industry specialists become one I helped expand, referred to as Apache Tika.

The ‘digital Babel fish'

Tika is frequently referred to as the "digital Babel fish," a play on a creature referred to as the "Babel fish" in the "Hitchhiker's guide to the Galaxy" book collection. as soon as inserted into someone's ear, the Babel fish allowed her to understand any language spoken. Tika lets customers understand any report and the data contained within it.

while Tika examines a report, it robotically identifies what type of file it's miles – which includes a photo, video or audio. It does this with a curated taxonomy of information about files: their call, their extension, a kind of "digital fingerprint. whilst it encounters a report whose name ends in ".MP4," as an example, Tika assumes it's a video report stored in the MPEG-4 layout. with the aid of without delay studying the statistics in the report, Tika can verify or refute that assumption – all video, audio, photograph and different files must start with specific codes announcing what format their facts is saved in.

as soon as a file's type is recognized, Tika makes use of specific equipment to extract its content material such as Apache PDFBox for PDF files, or Tesseract for taking pictures text from images. in addition to content, other forensic facts or "metadata" is captured together with the document's creation date, who edited it closing, and what language the record is authored in.

From there, Tika makes use of superior techniques like Named Entity reputation (NER) to similarly analyze the text. NER identifies proper nouns and sentence shape, after which suits this facts to databases of humans, places and matters, figuring out no longer just whom the textual content is talking about, however where, and why they're doing it. This technique helped Tika to mechanically become aware of offshore shell groups (the things); wherein they had been placed; and who (humans) become storing their money in them as part of the Panama Papers scandal that uncovered financial corruption among worldwide political, societal and technical leaders.

Identifying illegal pastime

upgrades to Tika at some point of the Memex project made it even better at coping with multimedia and different content material discovered on the deep and darkish net. Now Tika can procedure and identify images with common human trafficking topics. for instance, it can automatically method and examine textual content in photos – a victim alias or an indication about a way to touch them – and sure types of photograph properties – consisting of digicam lights. In a few images and motion pictures, Tika can perceive the human beings, places and matters that seem.

extra software program can help Tika find automatic guns and become aware of a weapon's serial quantity. that could help to track down whether or not it's miles stolen or not.

using Tika to reveal the deep and darkish internet continuously should assist become aware of human- and guns-trafficking situations rapidly after the photographs are posted on line. that might prevent a crime from happening and store lives.

Memex isn't but powerful sufficient to handle all the content it's available, nor to comprehensively help regulation enforcement, make a contribution to humanitarian efforts to stop human trafficking and even have interaction with commercial search engines.

it's going to take greater paintings, however we are making it easier to gain those desires. Tika and related software programs are a part of an open source software library available on DARPA's Open Catalog to anyone – in law enforcement, the intelligence community or the general public at massive – who desires to shine a light into the deep and the darkish.



Christian Mattmann, Director, statistics Retrieval and records science institution and Adjunct companion Professor, USC and important records Scientist, NASA

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